Introduction 1 4 5 6 7 8 10 11 2+ 8 9 12 13 14 16 17 18 19 20 21 Materials and methods Cells 17 22 L 3 2 23 2 Solutions and chemicals 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 D 2 n n n 3 Osmolality of all solutions was measured using a freezing-point depression osmometer (OM802, Vogel, Kevelaer, Germany). Luciferin-luciferase ATP assay 19 21 24 3+ 25 3+ Biosensor ATP measurements 23 2 2 Patch-clamp experiments and data analysis 17 19 Vp − 18 19 21 n t P Results OGD induces massive release of ATP from astrocytes 1 1 Fig. 1 a open circles filled circles b vertical bar P  3+ − − 7 2+ 1 23 2 2 2 n 2 2 Fig. 2 a Top panel 2 Bottom panel vertical bar b top panel middle panel bottom panel  3+ OGD activates ATP-conductive maxi-anion channels in astrocytes 3+ 17 3 17 3 n 3 Fig. 3 a b vertical bar c  4 3+ 4 3+ 4 Fig. 4 a control 3+ b 3+ vertical bar P  4 n ATP Cl 5 Fig. 5 chloride 4 ATP 4− 4− 4− 19  3+ Discussion 5 7 8 11 2+ 8 9 12 1 2 6 7 10 26 27 28 11 2 2 29 30 31 8 11 7 12 9 7 plus 1 Xenopus 32 1 33 34 1 3+ 1 17 3+ 3 3+ 4 5 13