Current knowledge 1 3 in vitro 4 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 4 6 11 12 4 6 11 4 13 4 14 14 4 4 15 16 17 17 18 18 19 20 18 19 21 22 P 23 Recommendations for action 24 25 26 26 Effectiveness of interventions 27 29 27 28 Integration with other preconception services Routine preconception counseling for women and men should include information on the many well-documented risk factors for experiencing infertility later in life. When patients who have trouble conceiving present for ART, reinforcing these concepts and combining preconception care at the key decision-making points should help maximize health outcomes for parents and their future children.