Introduction 1999 1999 2005 2005a b 2002 2002 2005 1966 1976 Choristoneura fumiferana 2003 1973 1998 1993 2006 Yponomeuta 1998 1996 1996 Y. cagnagellus Yponomeuta plumbellus Yponomeuta Y. cagnagellus 1978 1980 1988 1990 1979 1999 2006 Yponomeuta cagnagellus Yponomeuta Y. cagnagellus Prunus spinosa 1992 Y. padellus Euonymus europaeus Y. cagnagellus Y. plumbellus 1 Y. plumbellus Yponomeuta padellus Yponomeuta cagnagellus E. europaeus Fig. 1 Yponomeuta  Materials and methods Insects Y. cagnagellus Y. padellus Y. cagnagellus E. europaeus Y. padellus P. spinosa Crataegus Yponomeuta plumbellus E. europaeus Y. cagnagellus Y. plumbellus P. spinosa Y. padellus Morphology The morphology of the palps was studied using scanning EM. Fixation and drying often induce shrinking and cause collapse of soft tissue parts. We avoided these problems by using Cryo-SEM. Larvae were used directly after moulting into the fifth stadium. The preparation was stabilized by quick immersion in nitrogen slush (60 K), coated with a 200 Å thick layer of gold and viewed in the frozen state using a Philips 535 SEM equipped with a Hexland CT1000/CP2000 and a Jeol 35C SEM equipped with an EMSCOPE SP2000A cryo preparation assembly. Host plant odour composition E. europaeus Y. cagnagellus E. europaeus 1990  df Electrophysiological recording and odour stimuli 2 R i 9 C i I b 1966 1980 Fig. 2 Open arrows black arrows  2 2  2  − − − Z E Z The AC amplified action potentials from the sensory cells were recorded on tape (Racal FM taperecorder). To facilitate computer-assisted analysis, the valve signal and a pre-pulse 1 s earlier were recorded on an additional channel. Analysis of recordings 1992 No-choice feeding assay 3 − − − − − − Fig. 3 Feeding assay air flow diagram. Both the control group and treatment group consisted of 18 Petri dishes  Y. cagnagellus E. europaeus Prunus spinosa Y. padellus Yponomeuta plumbellus E. europaeus http://www.rsb.info.nih.gov/nih-image/ 2001 C T C T  C  T Results Morphology Y. cagnagellus 1986 Y. cagnagellus 4 4 4 Fig. 4 Yponomeuta cagnagellus. a b leftmost arrow rightmost arrow c d e left right 1986 f right  Host plant odour composition E. europaeus 1985 2004 1978 Z E Z E. europaeus Yponomeuta Y. cagnagellus Electrophysiology 5 6 E Z Z Fig. 5 I E Yponomeuta cagnagellus  A −1  B −2  C Z −1  D Z −2 horizontal bar II Z Yponomeuta cagnagellus  A Z −1  B Z −2  C Z −3  D E −2  E −2  F −2  D  E arrow horizontal bar  Fig. 6 Yponomeuta cagnagellus −2 circles Empty spots  7 7 E 7 Z Z Fig. 7 Yponomeuta cagnagellus a  E 6 b Z 6 c 6 brackets vertical bars  Z 7 Although the sensitivity to benzaldehyde was often associated with that for the leaf alcohols, examples of both benzaldehyde insensitive cells (cell 14–15) and apparent benzaldehyde specialists (cells 18–19) were found. 2 8 9 2 2 −1 2 n Fig. 8 2 Yponomeuta cagnagellus a e 2 time marker  Fig. 9 2 Yponomeuta cagnagellus 2 Vertical bars  10 Fig. 10 Yponomeuta cagnagellus a b  bar  Feeding behaviour modulated by benzaldehyde Y. cagnagellus 11 −3 −2 −2 −2 U = P Y. cagnagellus −1  Fig. 11 Yponomeuta C T C T C T P asterisk  Y. padellus −4 −2 −2 −1 11 −2 U  P  −2  U P −1 U P Y. plumbellus 11 Discussion Morphology 1986 1986 1999 4 1979 1986 Choristoneura fumiferana 2003 Helicoverpa armigera 1996 C. fumiferana 2003 Euxoa messoria 1982 H. amigera 1996 Y. cagnagellus 1966 1980 1982 1996 E. messoria Heliotis amigera 1985 2  1975 1984 1985 1986 Y. cagnagellus 2  Y. cagnagellus 2 1996 Carbon dioxide reception 2  Y. cagnagellus 2 2006 2  1990 1999 Helicoverpa armigera 2  1992 2 Y. cagnagellus 2 Amblyomma varigatum 1992 2 1990 2 2 Temperature perception 1967 1968 Plant odour responses 1976 1984 1978 1989 2004 Drosophila 2005 C. elegans Z Yponomeuta 1992 1998 6 Z Y. cagnagellus Pieris brassicae 1988 Manduca sexta 1987 1966 1980 1982 Z The role of benzaldehyde in feeding behaviour E. europaeus Euonymus Y. plumbellus Y. cagnagellus Y. cagnagellus Y. cagnagellus Y. padellus Y. cagnagellus Yponomeuta cagnagellus Y. cagnagellus Y. cagnagell Y. padellus Yponomeuta plumbellus Y. cagnagellus Y. padellus Yponomeuta plumbellus Y. cagnagellus 1979 Y. evonymellus Y. padellus Y. cagnagellus Y. padellus Y. padellus Y. cagnagellus .  2005