Introduction 2000 1997 1985 1994 2000 1989 1992 1999 1994 1991 1992 1997 2000 β 2000 α 1994 2002 2005 2003 2004) α 1996 2004 Methods Healthy subjects, 9 males and 9 females, aged between 23 and 63 years (average 42.9 years) participated in this study. Smokers and subjects with prescribed medication, except for contraceptives, and excessive weight loss during the last 3 months were excluded from participating in this study. The subjects were paid for their involvement and informed consent was obtained according to the guidelines of the Ethical Committee of Wageningen UR. Weight, height, and waist and hip circumferences, were measured while subjects wore light indoor clothing with emptied pockets and no shoes. To estimate body weight, 1 kg was subtracted from clothed body weight. Body mass index (BMI) was the weight divided by height squared. Waist circumference was measured at the level midway between the lower rib margin and the iliac crest, with participants in a standing position and breathing out gently. Hip circumference was measured at the level of the widest circumference over the greater trochanters. The waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) was calculated as waist circumference divided by hip circumference. Design and procedure 2000 HR and HRV 1997 2 1986 1986 1994 2003 Saliva biochemistry 2 ® g α α p Oral activities and orosensory stimulation 2001 Data analyses α α P Results 2 1 1 Table 1 Anthropometric values for 18 subjects and session means of physiological characteristics  Average ± SD Range Age (years) 42.9 ± 13.0 23–63 2 25.0 ± 3.5 21.5–36.1 Waist-to-hip ratio 0.89 ± 0.07 0.77–1.00 Heart rate (beats/min) 75.3 ± 7.8 63.3–89.3 LF-to-HF ratio (%) 409 ± 282 103–1,182 Blood pressure (mmHg)  Systolic 126 ± 13 107–150  Diastolic 78 ± 10 56–95 Salivary cortisol (nmol/l) 14.2 ± 6.1 6.0–30.3 α 139 ± 69 14–263 Fig. 1 a b c d Bars Grey-shaded bar  HR, HRV, and blood pressure P 2 P Fig. 2 a b c Bars Grey-shaded bar P  2 P 2 Saliva biochemistry 3 α 3 α P α P Fig. 3 a α b Bars Grey-shaded bar P  Sensory ratings and ANS characteristics r P r P r P r P r P r P r P r P r P r P r P r P r P r P α r P r P r P r P Anthropometrics and physiological responses r P r P r P r P r P Oral activities and orosensory stimulation 4 P P Fig. 4 P Bars  Discussion Sensory ratings scales for satiety, desire to eat, fullness, and hunger were used in combination with measures to assess the relevance and temporal pattern of responses reflecting the sympathetic–parasympathetic (SNS–PNS) balance in relation to perceived satiety in humans. 2000 1993 1997 2004 2001 Physiological responses reflecting the SNS–PNS balance were simultaneous to altered patterns of perceived satiety. In this food-related context, these ANS characteristics not only provide additional insights into the integration of central and peripheral regulatory processes for metabolism, but also render a potential measure of satiety in humans. 2001 α 1974 1996 2000 2000 1997 α α α α 1986 α 1997 2000 2005 2002 2004 1991 2000 1999 2004 2003 2004 2005 α