Introduction 1996 1999 1999 2003 2000 2004 1996 1990 1999 2000 2004 2000 2004 2002 2004 2006 1971 1994 1990 2003 1966 V 2max 2003 2006 2002 2001 2004 1999 Materials and methods Subjects 1 Table 1 Subject characteristics  Mean value ± SD Age (years) 23.5 ± 4.4 Height (cm) 179.7 ± 9.1 Body mass (kg) 72.5 ± 7.2 V 2max −1 4.78 ± 0.41 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$P_{V{\rm{O}}_{2\max}}$$\end{document} 354 ± 29 Values are mean ± SD Experimental design Incremental test V 2max \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \left( {P_{V{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}} } } \right).$$\end{document} \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ P_{V{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}} }$$\end{document} V 2 Constant intensity exercise bouts \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ P_{V{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}} }$$\end{document} 2000 2004 −1 −1 2005 V 2 V E V 2 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ \left( {P_{V{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}} } } \right)$$\end{document} T re T sk T m n T m Calculating gross-efficiency (GE) P met P met V 2 1987 P met Energy flow model 1999 2000 2004 1999 2005 P prod P lost E t P prod P lost E t  1999 Statistics t  P  Results \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ P_{V{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}} }$$\end{document} V 2 V E 2 Table 2 V 2 V E \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ P_{V{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}} }$$\end{document} N H GE (%) 20.5 ± 1.4 19.6 ± 1.1* V 2 −1 3,002.8 ± 290.1 3,126.5 ± 268.3* RER 0.89 ± 0.03 0.90 ± 0.01 V E −1 76.9 ± 7.7 82.0 ± 9.4* HR (bpm) 145.1 ± 6.5 155.4 ± 12.0* −1 2.6 ± 1.0 3.9 ± 2.1 Values are mean ± SD P 1 Fig. 1 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ P_{V{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}} }$$\end{document} dashed line solid line dotted lines  T sk T re −1 −1 T mmax 3 2 T re T sk T m 3 T re R 2 R 2 Table 3 T re T sk T mmax \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ P_{V{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}} }$$\end{document} N H T re 37.03 ± 0.58 37.35 ± 0.63* T sk 27.74 ± 0.71 33.39 ± 0.57* T mmax   n Values are mean ± SD P Fig. 2 Top panel T re \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ P_{V{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}} }$$\end{document} dashed line solid line dotted lines Center panel T sk \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ P_{V{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}} }$$\end{document} solid line dotted lines  Fig. 3 Top panel T re Bottom panel T re  1999 2004 Discussion 2003 2001 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ P_{V{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}} } ,$$\end{document} 1999 1999 −1 2 −1 −1 −1 2 −1 2 V 2 T re T sk T re 2000 2004 T sk 2000 T re 2000 2004 2005 The differences in ambient temperature between H and N represent a considerable difference in thermal stress. Thermal strain is mainly visible in the increased skin temperature, but although the difference of 0.3°C in core temperature is small, it is significant. Rectal and skin temperature changes combined, the difference in body heat content between N and H amounts to 138.5 ± 35.1 kJ, which is considerable. Further, the differences between climates have been shown to be large enough to evoke a difference in GE of 0.9%, the main purpose of the present study. 2006 T re \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ P_{V{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}} }$$\end{document} T re 2006 r 2 T re T re T re 3 T re T re 1971 1994 2006 1971 1994 1994 1994 −1 V 2 V 2 −1 T mmax 1994 T m 2006 T m T m T sk T re 1971 T m T sk 1990 1966 V 2 V 2 2001 V E V 2 Lastly, it has to be noticed, that GE decreases if the proportion of energy expenditure that is used to maintain homeostasis is increased. Thus, the lower GE in H could have been solely due to an increase in resting metabolic rate, while net efficiency remained unchanged. This would be consistent with the hypothesis that muscle temperature in the hot conditions was not high enough to make mitochondrial leakage a likely explanation for the observed reduced GE. Unfortunately, resting metabolic rate has not been measured. 2004 1999 2004 1999 2004 2001 Conclusion T m T re V 2 V 2