Introduction 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 ProActive 12 13 ProActive Methods The ProActive trial 14 ProActive 15 12 n Anthropometric and metabolic tests 14 Assessment of aerobic fitness, PAEE and total body movement \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\mathop {\text{V}}\limits^{\text{.}} }{\text{CO}}_{2} $$\end{document} 8 17 −1 −1 17 18 http://www.mrc-epid.cam.ac.uk Calculation of the metabolic syndrome z score 1 7 9 z 19 1 20 Statistical analyses t ProActive β Results 1 n p −1 −1 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\mathop {\text{V}}\limits^{\text{.}} }{\text{O}}_{{2\max }} $$\end{document} −1 −1 Table 1 ProActive n   Men Women n n n n Age (years) 40.2 (5.8) N/A 40.8 (6.1) N/A Height (cm) 177.8 (6.8) 177.8 (7.0) a c Weight (kg) 89.3 (15.5) 89.5 (15.6) a 74.0 (15.2) 2 28.2 (4.3) 28.3 (4.4) 27.6 (5.2) d Body fat (%) 25.6 (5.3) 25.8 (5.2) a 34.8 (7.1) Waist circumference (cm) 100.3 (11.1) 100.9 (11.5) a c Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) 127.1 (11.3) d a c Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) 81.4 (8.8) d a c Triacylglycerol (mmol/l) 1.8 (1.6) 1.7 (1.3) a 1.1 (0.7) Total cholesterol (mmol/l) 5.2 (1.0) 5.3 (1.0) 5.1 (0.9) 5.2 (1.0) HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) 1.2 (0.3) 1.2 (0.3) a 1.6 (0.4) Fasting plasma insulin (mmol/l) 70.2 (71.6) 72.2 (52.3) b 56.3 (35.4) Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l) 5.1 (0.9) 5.2 (1.0) a d −1 −1 0.13 (0.07) d b 0.11 (0.07) \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\mathop V\limits^. {\text{O}}_{2\max } $$\end{document} −1 −1 60.7 (10.54) 61.2 (11.42) b 58.06 (10.38) e 265,000 (79,000) 275,000 (106,000) 269,000 (109,00) 280,000 (110,000) Data are means (SD) a p b p c p d p e n ProActive −1 −1 2 r r r 1 1 Fig. 1 a ProActive b ProActive  2 −1 −1 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\mathop {\text{V}}\limits^{\text{.}} }{\text{O}}_{{2\max }} $$\end{document} −1 −1 p p p p Table 2 β \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\mathop V\limits^. {\text{O}}_{2\max } $$\end{document} ProActive Outcome (SD) β n \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\mathop {\text{V}}\limits^{\text{.}} }{\text{O}}_{{2\max }} $$\end{document} n n Crude a Crude a Crude a Waist circumference −0.061 (−0.172, 0.051) −0.025 (−0.065, 0.016) −0.074 (−0.185, 0.037) −0.017 (−0.058, 0.024) −0.117 (−0.261, 0.027) −0.019 (−0.071, 0.032) Systolic blood pressure 0.062 (−0.047, 0.171) 0.074 (−0.004, 0.152) −0.017 (−0.126, 0.093) −0.035 (−0.113, 0.044) −0.017 (−0.158, 0.125) 0.012 (−0.094, 0.118) Logged triacylglycerol −0.008 (−0.127, 0.110) −0.024 (−0.100, 0.051) −0.059 (−0.178, 0.060) −0.009 (−0.084, 0.067) −0.026 (−0.180, 0.128) −0.054 (−0.149, 0.041) Logged fasting insulin −0.064 (−0.175, 0.046) −0.024 (−0.093, 0.045) −0.094 (−0.203, 0.016) b −0.097 (−0.239, 0.045) b Fasting plasma glucose −0.005 (−0.133, 0.123) −0.024 (−0.114, 0.067) b b −0.163 (−0.328, 0.002) b HDL-cholesterol (inverse) −0.053 (−0.165, 0.059) −0.056 (−0.125, 0.014) b b −0.027 (−0.167, 0.113) −0.026 (−0.121, 0.069) zMS −0.031 (−0.112, 0.050) −0.017 (−0.054, 0.020) b b −0.074 (−0.176, 0.028) b zMS-ob −0.023 (−0.103, 0.058) −0.012 (−0.053, 0.029) b b −0.065 (−0.166, 0.037) b a b p p p p β Discussion 13 7 21 8 7 β 22 23 Finally, by standardising the clustered metabolic risk score, we assumed each component made an equal contribution towards defining metabolic risk. It is unlikely that each component is equally strongly associated with metabolic risk and some variables will be more important that others in different populations. It would therefore be ideal to weight each component of the score, but data are currently unavailable. 5 24 26 27 28 ProActive 18 In conclusion, small increases in physical activity assessed by accelerometry and in aerobic fitness were associated with improved metabolic risk over 1 year. Further research is needed to clarify the relationship between physical activity, EE, fitness and metabolic risk to inform advice and intervention development. We may need even more precise methods of measurement to capture the true dose effect of such relationships.