Introduction 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 8 9 8 10 12 11 12 12 Methods 1 6 8 9 Fig. 1 LMP  At 6 years of age (December 2000–February 2003) the children were investigated for body size, body composition and risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Families were instructed to continue their usual diet and activity prior to the study, and were transported to the Research Unit the previous evening. They were provided with a standard dinner and then water only until the next morning. A fasting blood sample was collected, followed by a 1.75 g/kg body weight oral anhydrous glucose load and a further blood sample 120 min later. 13 14 15 8 10 12 11 Ethical permission for the study was granted by the KEM Hospital Ethical Committee, and by the local village leaders. Parents gave informed written consent. None of these volunteers were paid for participating in the study. Statistics 12 12 16 12 17 18 12 19 p  Results 8 2 18 24 1 20 21 Table 1 Maternal nutrition data during pregnancy (median and 25th and 75th centiles, unless otherwise stated)   Number 18 weeks of gestation Number 28 weeks of gestation Macronutrient intakes  Energy (kJ) 692 7,293 (5,858, 8,774) 670 6,803 (5,523, 8,268)  Energy (kcal) 692 1,743 (1,400, 2,090) 670 1,626 (1,320, 1,976)  Carbohydrate (g) 692 313 (257, 376) 670 296 (236, 360)  Protein (g) 692 44.9 (35.4, 54.8) 670 41.7 (33.8, 51.3)  Fat (g) 692 32.7 (23.9, 42.9) 670 29.6 (22.4, 39.2) n  GLVs      Never 692 15 (2) 671 69 (10)  <1 per week 692 139 (20) 671 197 (29)  >1 per week 692 277 (40) 671 243 (36)  >Alternate day 692 261 (38) 671 162 (24) n  Never 692 107 (15) 671 96 (14)  <1 per week 692 141 (20) 671 137 (20)  >1 per week 692 129 (19) 671 144 (21)  >Alternate day 692 315 (46) 671 294 (44) n  Never 692 228 (33) 671 254 (38)  <1 per week 692 182 (26) 671 181 (27)  >1 per week 692 182 (26) 671 149 (22)  >Alternate day 692 100 (14) 671 87 (13) Circulating micronutrients 12 638 135 (103, 175) 594 122 (94, 160) n 380 (60) 423 (71)  Erythrocyte folate (nmol/l) 618 874 (687, 1,106) 562 961 (736, 1,269) n 1 (0.2) 1 (0.2)  MMA (μmol/l) 636 0.80 (0.50, 1.34) 594 0.73 (0.44, 1.18) n 586 (94) 533 (90)  tHcy (μmol/l) 639 8.1 (6.8, 10.3) 593 8.6 (6.7, 10.8) n 177 (28) 193 (33) Dairy products refers to whole milk plus milk products (milk in tea and other beverages, yoghurt, buttermilk, ghee, ice cream and other milk-based preparations). Non-vegetarian foods are meat, fish and eggs 12 12 12 1 12 p  p  12 p  12 12 p p p p p 12 p p Maternal nutrition during pregnancy and newborn size 12 8 p p p p p Maternal nutrition during pregnancy and offspring size, body composition and HOMA-R at 6 years 22 2 23 24 p  Table 2 n   Median (IQR) a Age (years) 6.1 (6.1, 6.2)  Weight (kg) 16.0 (14.8, 17.3) −2.23 (1.00) Height (cm) 109.7 (106.7, 112.9) −1.39 (0.89) 2 13.3 (12.8, 14.0) −1.86 (0.90) Subscapular skinfold thickness (mm) 5.0 (4.4, 5.6) −0.42 (0.68) Triceps skinfold thickness (mm) 6.2 (5.4, 7.1) −1.41 (0.79) Fat mass (kg) 3.1 (2.4, 3.7)  Fat (%) 18.8 (15.5, 22.2)  Leg fat mass (kg) 1.3 (1.0, 1.5)  Trunk fat mass (kg) 0.9 (0.7, 1.2)  Lean mass (kg) 12.7 (11.7, 13.7)  Insulin resistance (HOMA-R) 0.70 (0.37, 1.06)  120 min glucose (mmol/l) 5.49 (4.82, 6.21)  12 224 (167, 311)  a 26 28 IQR p p 3 Table 3 12   Number Height (cm) Fat mass (kg) Lean mass (kg) Insulin resistance (HOMA-R) 12  <103 146 110.2 (4.3) 3.3 (0.9) 12.8 (1.6) 0.78 (0.42, 1.34)  103–134 150 109.3 (4.6) 3.0 (1.0) 12.7 (1.5) 0.68 (0.35, 0.99)  135–174 145 109.6 (4.9) 3.1 (1.0) 12.9 (1.7) 0.69 (0.30, 0.95)  ≥175 151 110.0 (4.9) 3.2 (1.0) 12.8 (1.7) 0.61 (0.35, 1.00) p a  0.8 0.5 0.3 0.03 p b  0.6 0.4 0.3 0.04 Erythrocyte folate at 28 weeks (nmol/l)  <734 129 109.2 (4.6) 3.0 (1.0) 12.8 (1.7) 0.52 (0.28, 0.81)  734–691 136 109.8 (4.5) 3.1 (0.9) 12.9 (1.6) 0.65 (0.36, 0.92)  962–1,268 131 109.9 (4.7) 3.2 (1.2) 12.7 (1.8) 0.71 (0.39, 1.12)  ≥1,269 127 110.7 (4.8) 3.4 (1.1) 13.0 (1.6) 0.85 (0.51, 1.27) p a  0.02 0.001 0.5 <0.001 p b  0.7 0.01 0.4 <0.001 GLVs at 28 weeks  Never 63 109.1 (5.5) 3.0 (0.9) 12.5 (1.7) 0.83 (0.25, 1.23)  <Once per week 183 109.5 (4.7) 3.0 (1.0) 12.7 (1.7) 0.73 (0.36, 1.05)  >Once per week 231 109.8 (4.6) 3.2 (1.0) 12.8 (1.7) 0.69 (0.34, 0.99)  ≥Alternate days 146 110.5 (4.1) 3.3 (1.2) 13.0 (1.6) 0.66 (0.41, 1.00) p a  0.002 0.001 0.01 0.99 p b  0.4 0.02 0.4 0.98 Dairy products at 28 weeks  Never 87 108.4 (4.9) 2.9 (0.9) 12.6 (1.8) 0.60 (0.32, 0.95)  <Once per week 124 110.2 (4.1) 3.2 (1.0) 12.8 (1.6) 0.62 (0.37, 0.99)  >Once per week 134 109.4 (4.6) 3.2 (0.9) 12.7 (1.7) 0.73 (0.40, 1.06)  ≥Alternate days 278 110.3 (4.6) 3.2 (1.2) 12.9 (1.7) 0.74 (0.37, 1.11) p a  0.005 0.03 0.3 0.02 p b  0.2 0.2 0.8 0.006 Values are mean (SD) or median (interquartile range) a p b p 12 3 12 2 12 4 12 Fig. 2 HOMA-R 12  Table 4 Multiple linear regression models for child’s insulin resistance (HOMA-R) at 6 years as the dependent variable Independent variable Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 β p β p β p β p 12 −0.16 0.03   −0.16 0.04   Erythrocyte folate at 28 weeks (nmol/l)   0.38 <0.001 0.38 <0.001   12       −0.08 0.7 12 12 12 p  PCA and conditional independence analysis 3 1 12 12 Fig. 3 F1 F3 F Lines connecting boxes p  bold lines p  A D Veg  Discussion 12 12 12 12 5 6 25 26 27 7 28 12 29 12 12 12 12 30 1 12 31 32 10 33 34 35 11 12 12 36 37 bc 38 1 12 39 40 41 12 42 43 45 46 47 12 48 12 49 12 17 12 12 12 Electronic supplementary material Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
 Figure S1 Suggested metabolic mechanisms for adiposity, insulin resistance and altered gene expression in a situation of dietary vitamin B12 deficiency combined with adequate folate status (PDF 35.7 kb) Table S1 Unrotated factor loadings from the PCA (PDF 75.3 kb)