Introduction 1 2 2 3 4 5 5 Materials and methods 2 n 2 n c 6 7 8 p Results p 1 2 c c p p c p p 2 p 2 r p c r p r p r p c r p r p r p r p r p Table 1 1c   Mineral water Whisky % Change p a 10.6 ± 1.3 9.6 ± 1.3 −9.4 0.61 Adiponectin (mg/l) 7.9 ± 0.2 9.0 ± 0.2 12.5 0.0008  HMW 0.7 ± 0.1 1.1 ± 0.1 57.1  0.074  MMW 4.0 ± 0.2 4.5 ± 0.2 12.5 0.065  LMW 3.2 ± 0.3 3.5 ± 0.3 9.4 0.442 1c 4.9 ± 0.02 4.8 ± 0.02 −2.0 0.023 Muscle β-HAD (mol/μg protein) 4.22 ± 0.48 4.37 ± 0.49 3.6 0.827 Muscle citrate synthase (mol/μg protein) 0.66 ± 0.05 0.75 ± 0.05 13.6 0.262 c 1.48 ± 0.12 1.67 ± 0.12 12.8 0.262 Intramyocellular triacylglycerols (AU)  Type 1 0.027 ± 0.004 0.022 ± 0.004 −18.5 0.339  Type 2 0.010 ± 0.002 0.008 ± 0.002 −20.0 0.489  Mixed 0.019 ± 0.003 0.016 ± 0.002 −15.8  0.429 Succinate dehydrogenase activity (AU)  Type 1 0.084 ± 0.005 0.075 ± 0.004 −10.7 0.122  Type 2 0.057 ± 0.003 0.052 ± 0.003 −8.8 0.221  Mixed 0.073 ± 0.003 0.062 ± 0.003 −15.1 0.028 Data are presented as means±SEM or % AU a 15 Table 2 1c   Lean group Overweight group Water Whisky % Change p Water Whisky % Change p a 13.3 ± 1.9 13.0 ± 1.9 −2.3 0.93 7.8 ± 1.6 4.6 ± 1.6 −41.0  0.21 Adiponectin (mg/l) 8.1 ± 0.3 9.4 ± 0.3 16.1 0.01 7.7 ± 0.2 8.5 ± 0.2 10.4 0.08  HMW 0.8 ± 1.2 1.2 ± 0.2 50.0 0.12 0.8 ± 0.1 0.8 ± 0.1 0 0.62  MMW 4.2 ± 0.3 4.8 ± 0.3 14.3 0.13 3.9 ± 0.2 4.1 ± 0.2 5.1 0.52  LMW 3.2 ± 0.4 3.4 ± 0.4 6.3 0.69 3.1 ± 0.4 3.5 ± 0.4 12.9 0.50 1c 4.9 ± 0.02 4.8 ± 0.02 −2.0 0.04 4.9 ± 0.02 4.9 ± 0.02 0 0.53 Muscle β-HAD (mol/μg protein) 4.67 ± 0.50 5.10 ± 0.45 9.2 0.55 3.46 ± 0.90 3.69 ± 1.01 6.7 0.87 Muscle citrate synthase (mol/μg protein) 0.73 ± 0.08 0.92 ± 0.07 26.0 0.11 0.60 ± 0.05 0.54 ± 0.06 −10.0 0.51 c 1.72 ± 0.15 2.12 ± 0.14 23.3 0.08 1.33 ± 0.13 1.13 ± 0.15 −15.0 0.36 Intramyocellular triacylglycerols (AU)  Type 1 0.022 ± 0.006 0.016 ± 0.005 −27.3 0.50 0.032 ± 0.006 0.028 ± 0.006 −12.5 0.61  Type 2 0.006 ± 0.002 0.008 ± 0.002 33.3 0.41 0.013 ± 0.003 0.007 ± 0.003 −46.2 0.14  Mixed 0.014 ± 0.004 0.013 ± 0.003 −7.1 0.86 0.024 ± 0.004 0.019 ± 0.004 −20.8 0.40 Succinate dehydrogenase activity (AU)  Type 1 0.086 ± 0.005 0.080 ± 0.005 −7.0 0.40 0.084 ± 0.009 0.069 ± 0.008 −17.9 0.29  Type 2 0.060 ± 0.005 0.055 ± 0.005 −8.3 0.50 0.054 ± 0.005 0.048 ± 0.004 −11.1 0.34  Mixed 0.076 ± 0.005 0.066 ± 0.005 −13.2 0.16 0.069 ± 0.005 0.057 ± 0.004 −17.4 0.15 Data are presented as means±SEM or % AU a 15 Discussion 2 9 10 9 3 11 4 12 13 14 13 14 15 2 In conclusion, this study shows that 4 weeks of daily moderate alcohol consumption increases adiponectin concentrations and particularly HMW adiponectin concentrations, but does not affect insulin sensitivity and oxidative capacity. Concentrations of HMW and MMW adiponectin were positively associated with muscle oxidative capacity.