Introduction 2005 1991 teashirt tsh Sex combs reduced 1991 1992 tsh − 1991 tsh 1994 tsh 1992 tsh Scr Antennapedia Antp Ultrabithorax Ubx abdominal-A abd-A Abdominal-B Abd-B 1994 1992 1985 1983 tsh 1992 tsh tsh tiptop tio 2005 tio tsh tsh tio tsh tsh 2004 Drosophila tsh disconnected disco tsh disco disco-related disco tsh 2004 2004 tsh tsh Drosophila tsh tsh tsh Thermobia domestica Oncopeltus fasciatus 2005 1999 2005 Oncopeltus tsh Tribolium castaneum Drosophila 2002 Tribolium Deformed Dfd Scr Antp Ubx abd-A 1991 1999 Tribolium tsh tsh tsh Drosophila tsh tsh Tribolium Tc-tiotsh Tribolium Tc-tiotsh tsh Drosophila Materials and methods cDNA cloning Tc-tiotsh Tribolium castaneum 2001 1988 Sequence analysis Tc-tiotsh tsh Drosophila melanogaster http://www.ch.embnet.org/software/BOX_form.html MEGA 2004 http://bioweb.pasteur.fr/seqanal/interfaces/Puzzle.html http://taxonomy.zoology.gla.ac.uk/rod/treeview.html In situ hybridization and immunostaining of embryos Tc-tiotsh 1994b 1989 1994 Tc-spalt (Tc-sal) 2005 RNA interference (RNAi) Tc-tiotsh 2000 Tc-tiotsh 1999 2001 2004 Results Tribolium teashirt tsh Tribolium castaneum Materials and methods Tribolium 1 Fig. 1 Tc-tiotsh Drosophila boxes thin lines gray black  Drosophila melanogaster Anopheles gambiae 1991 2005 tsh 2005 1999 Drosophila Drosophila tsh 1 Tribolium castaneum tsh Apis mellifera Drosophila D. pseudoobscura D. simulans D. yakuba D. virilis tio tsh D. melanogaster 2005 tio tsh Drosophila Table 1 Teashirt Organism Order tsh Genome Reference Tribolium castaneum Coleoptera 1 2008 Apis mellifera Hymenoptera 1 2006 Anopheles gambiae Diptera 1 2002 Drosophila simulans Diptera 2 (tio and tsh) 2007 Drosophila yakuba Diptera 2 (tio and tsh) 2007 Drosophila pseudoobscura Diptera tio tsh 2005 Drosophila virilis Diptera 2 (tio and tsh) 2007 teashirt tsh Drosophila tsh tiptop tio tsh Tribolium tio tsh, Tc-tiotsh 2005 Anopheles tsh tio Ag-tiotsh 2005 Tc-tiotsh 1 2 2 2 Fig. 2 black gray Tribolium castaneum Anopheles gambiae Drosophila melanogaster Mus musculus Danio rerio a b c upper Tribolium  tsh 2 Drosophila Tribolium Anopheles 3 Drosophila Drosophila Anopheles Tribolium Fig. 3 Drosophila Drosophila  tsh 2000 2004 Tribolium 2 2005 tsh tsh tsh Trichoplax adhaerens http://genome.jgi-psf.org/Triad1/Triad1.home.html Nematostella vectensis 2007 Drosophila tsh tio Tc-tiotsh Tc-tiotsh 4 1994a 1989 Tc-tiotsh Tc-tiotsh 1 2 4 Tc-tiotsh 4 Tc-tiotsh 4 Fig. 4 Tc-tiotsh Tribolium Tc-tiotsh d top a Tc-tiotsh Ic Lr b Tc-tiotsh c Tc-tiotsh arrowhead d Tc-tiotsh arrow e Tc-tiotsh f Df(HOMC) Tc-tiotsh  Tc-tiotsh 4 4 Tc-dachsund 2001 spalt Tc-tiotsh Tribolium Drosophila tsh spalt-major (salm) salm tsh 1992 Tc-tiotsh tsh Tribolium spalt (Tc-sal Tribolium sal 2005 Tc-sal 3 Tc-tiotsh Tc-sal Tc-tiotsh Tribolium tsh sal Tc-tiotsh Drosophila tsh 1992 Tc-tiotsh Df(HOMC) Tribolium Tc-tiotsh 4 Tc-tiotsh Df(HOMC) Tc-tiotsh Tc-tiotsh Tc-tiotsh Tc-tiotsh Tc-tiotsh Tc-tiotsh Tc-tiotsh 5 2 Tribolium 5 Tc-tiotsh 5 5 Fig. 5 Tc-tiotsh a c pink green d e C Tr F Tt Pt a Mx L b Tc-tiotsh c Tc-tiotsh b c d e Tc-tiotsh  Table 2 Tc-tiotsh dsRNA fragment Severity of Effect None Mild Moderate Severe 1358–1786 12/74 (16.2%) 4/74 (5.4%) 14/74 (18.9%) 44/74 (59.5%) 1358–1786 2/58 (3.4%) 14/58 (24.1%) 39/58 (67.2%) 3/58 (5.2%) 1848–2581 0/24 (0%) 4/24 (16.6%) 20/24 (83.3%) 0/24 (0%) All results were obtained by injection of dsRNA into eggs. dsRNA fragment names refer to the nucleotides of GenBank sequence AF356647 included in the fragment. Severity of effect was classified as follows. Larvae with mild effects had short legs resulting from reduction and fusion of proximal segments. Moderately affected larvae had reductions in the ventral head and labial appendages in addition to short legs. Severely affected larvae were distinguished from those with moderate effects by the failure of the labial appendages to fuse at the ventral midline. Tc-tiotsh 2 5 Drosophila tsh 1999 tsh Tc-tiotsh 5 5 Tc-tiotsh Tc-tiotsh 2004 6 Tc-tiotsh 1953 6 6 Tc-tiotsh 6 Tc-tiotsh 6 Fig. 6 Tc-tiotsh a b Tc-tiotsh Bs c d Epm Ss e f Tc-tiotsh A3 A3  Discussion tsh Tribolium castaneum tsh tsh tsh tsh 2005 2005 Drosophila tio tsh tsh tio Tribolium Anopheles Hox3 zerknüllt zen bicoid bcd 2001 1999 2002 2 Drosophila Tribolium Anopheles Drosophila Drosophila 2004 tsh tsh tio tsh tsh tio Drosophila 2005 tsh tio tsh tio tsh tio tsh tio Tc-tiotsh tsh tio tsh Tc-tiotsh tio tio Tc-tiotsh Drosophila Tc-tiotsh tsh tio tsh tio Tc-tiotsh 1999 tsh Thermobia domestica Oncopeltus fasciatus 2005 1999 Oncopeltus 2005 tsh 1999 tsh 1991 Oncopeltus tiptop 2005 Tc-tiotsh tio 2005 tsh Tc-tiotsh Drosophila tsh tsh 1999 tsh 2005 Oncopeltus tiptop Oncopeltus tiptop tio tsh Drosophila tsh 1996 Tc-tiotsh 4 tio Drosophila 2005 Tc-tiotsh Drosophila tio Tc-tiotsh Drosophila tsh 2001 2002 1997 tsh tio tio Drosophila tsh tio tsh Drosophila Tribolium Tc-tiotsh tsh Drosophila tsh tsh tsh 1994 1991 1992 tsh disco 2004 Drosophila tsh 2005 tsh tsh tsh 2004 disco tsh disco disco tsh 2007 Drosophila tsh tsh tsh tsh 1994 tsh wingless rhomboid shavenbaby , tsh Drosophila Tc-tiotsh Tc-tiotsh Tc-tiotsh Tc-tiotsh prothoraxless Tc-Antp Tc-tiotsh Tc-tiotsh Tc-tiotsh Tc-tiotsh tsh Tribolium Oncopeltus tsh tsh Electronic supplementary material Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
                            Fig. S1 Tc-tiotsh Tc-tiotsh a Tc-tiotsh Tc-tiotsh b Tc-tiotsh c Tc-tiotsh Tc-tiotsh d Tc-tiotsh Fig. S2 Tc-tiotsh Tc-tiotsh a Tc-tiotsh Tc-tiotsh Tc-tiotsh b Tc-tiotsh Tc-tiotsh c Tc-tiotsh Tc-tiotsh d Tc-tiotsh Fig. S3 Tc-sal Tc-sal