Introduction 2000 2004 1995 2005 1999 2005 1998 1998 Bacillus coagulans l 2004 2006 Materials and methods Feedstock and pretreatment w/w 2 w/w 2003 Enzyme preparation 2006 Microorganism and preculture B. coagulans w/w 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 2 2 2 v/v Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation w w 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 4 1 B. coagulans w/v Fig. 1 Schematic representation of the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of lime-treated wheat straw to lactic acid  Analytical methods g 2003 2003 2006 The chiral purity (%) of lactic acid was determined by derivatization of all lactates using methanol, after which both enantiomers of methyl lactate were separated on a chiral gas chromatography column and detected using a flame ionization detector. The chiral purity was expressed as the area of the main enantiomer divided by the sum of areas of both enantiomers. Calculations theor. max 1 1 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{LA}}_{{\text{theor}}{\text{.}}\;{\text{max}}} = {\text{DM}}_{{\text{substrate}}} \times F_{{\text{polysacch}}{\text{.}}} \times {\text{HF}}_{{{{\text{monosacch}}{\text{.}}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{{\text{monosacch}}{\text{.}}} {{\text{polysacch}}{\text{.}}}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {{\text{polysacch}}{\text{.}}}}} \times {\text{FF}}$$\end{document} substrate F polysacch. monsacch./polysacch. w/w w/w w/w 1 Results Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of LTWS to lactic acid w/w w/w B. coagulans 2004 3 B. coagulans 2 3 2 3 2004 Fig. 2 a B. coagulans b dotted lines I II III 2 arrows  Fig. 3 empty square empty diamonds empty triangles a filled diamonds b B. coagulans dotted lines I II III arrows  B. coagulans 1999 w/v 2 3 3 3 l −1 −1 l Conversion efficiency 4 4 4 4 Fig. 4 empty bars filled bars a b c filled triangles error bars  B. coagulans w/w w/w 1 1 w/w w/w w/w Table 1 a Fraction w w b 37 Oligosaccharides (soluble) 5 Monosaccharides (soluble) 3 Lactic acid (soluble) 43 c 13 Presented values are averages based on duplicate analytical measurements. a b c Neutralization of acid by alkaline substrate The lactic acid produced (342 g) during the fed-batch phase (II) was neutralized with alkaline-pretreated wheat straw. During this phase, an amount of 2,328 g LTWS was added to the fermenter. Together with this substrate, an amount of 230 g calcium hydroxide was added to the fermenter and accounted for a ratio of 0.67 g calcium hydroxide per gram of lactic acid. The lactic acid (369 g) produced during the batch phase (III) was neutralized with 163 g calcium hydroxide resulting in a ratio of 0.44 g lactic acid per gram calcium hydroxide. Discussion 1998 2000 B. coagulans 3 3 2004 B. coagulans 1992 2000 l B. coagulans B. coagulans w/w