Introduction 1 Fumaria officinalis E trans Fig. 1 a 2007 b 2004  2007 2006 2004 2006 Properties and applications of fumaric acid 1 www.the-innovation-group.com/ChemProfiles/Fumaric%20Acid.htm 2007 http://www.chemweek.com/inc/articles/t/2007/04/04/04/022.html www.the-innovation-group.com/ChemProfiles/Fumaric%20Acid.htm 1994 1998 2004 2004 1965 K a 1990 Fumaric acid production by petrochemical routes n n n 1990 4 10 2 4 2 3 2 1990 4 2 3 2 4 4 4 cis trans 1990 2 Fig. 2 a b c d e f 2001  2007 http://chemicalmarketreporter.com/home/Default.asp?type = 17&liArticleID = 2015643... Enzymatic conversion of maleic acid into fumaric acid 1998 cis trans Pseudomonas 1961 Alcaligenes faecalis 1969 Pseudomonas fluorescens 1969 1969 Bacillus stearothermophilus Bacillus brevis Bacillus MI-105 1998 Pseudomonas alcaligenes −1 −1 1997 ° l P. alcaligenes 2003 Microbial production of fumaric acid 2006 Rhizopus 1943 1943 1958 1959 1986 1989 In the field of fumaric acid production by fermentation, there are many aspects determining the productivity of the fermentation process, such as the applied microbial strain and its morphology, the use of a neutralizing agent, and the applied feedstock. Those aspects are reviewed and analyzed in more detail in the following sections. Fumaric acid-producing strains Rhizopus nigricans 1938 Rhizopus Mucor Cunninghamella Circinella Rhizopus nigricans arrhizus oryzae formosa 1938 1959 1986 1996 1999 1 R. arrhizus R. oryzae 1990 1996 Table 1 Literature data on fumaric acid production by different Rhizopus genera Strain Fermenter Substrate −1 −1 −1 −1 Time (h) Final pH Reference R. nigricans Shake flask Glucose 14.7 0.50 – 168 6.5 1938 Shake flask Glucose 20.0 0.66 0.25 80 6.5 1967 R. arrhizus Stirred tank Glucose 90.0 0.70 1.22 72 6.0 1962 Stirred tank Glucose 107.0 0.82 2.00 53 6.0 1986 Stirred tank Glucose 73.0 0.72 0.50 147 5.5 1990 R. arrhizus Shake flask Glucose 97.7 0.81 1.02 96 6.0 1986 Fluidized bed Molasses 17.5 0.36 0.36 48 6.0 1996 Stirred tank Glucose 38.0 0.33 0.46 82 5.5 2000 R. oryzae a Glucose 92.0 0.85 4.25 24 4.5 1996 Stirred tank Glucose 65.0 0.65 0.90 72 5.0 1996 a Glucose 75.5 0.75 3.78 24 5.0 1997 10-l air lift Glucose 37.8 0.75 0.81 46 5.0 1997 Stirred tank Glucose 35.8 0.60 0.90 40 5.5 1999 Bubble column Glucose 37.2 0.53 1.03 36 5.0 2002 R. formosa Stirred tank Cassava bagasse 21.3 – – – 6.5 1999 a 2001 Lactobacillus Escherichia coli Genetic modification of microorganisms has hardly been explored for fumaric acid production but offers a potentially useful approach solution for improving yields and rates in fermentation. Metabolic pathways to fumaric acid Rhizopus 1949 1949 1959 1967 1967 3 1 2 1969 2 1985 4 2 4 1967 2 1959 1986 2 1985 1989 1986 3 R. oryzae 1989 Fig. 3 1986  2007 Rhizopus 1959 1999 R. oryzae 1996 1996 Fumaric acid transport across the cell membrane l Schizosaccharomyces pombe Candida utilis Candida sphaerica Hansenula anomala 1989 1990 2000 l 1990 2004 Alternative fermentation feedstocks R. arrhizus −1 −1 1989 1989 2007 R. oryzae 2004 R. arrhizus −1 −1 1991 2002 1993 3 3 1993 1999 R. formosa Nutrient requirements Rhizopus arrhizus 1959 1962 Rhizopus w w R. arrhizus 2000 ++ ++ ++ −1 1999 2 3 2 2 2 3 1996 2 Neutralizing agents 3 1990 R. oryzae 3 2 3 3 2 4 2 3 1990 2000 2002 3 2 3 3 3 4 1990 2002 Rhizopus 4 2 3 2000 1990 2 Fig. 4 a b c d e f g 1990  1962 −1 R. arrhizus 1990 −1 2000 1996 2000 2004 Morphology and oxygen-transfer problems Rhizopus Rhizopus 1999 3 R. oryzae 2000 1997 R. oryzae 3 1997 1 Rhizopus 1995 −1 −1 1995 R. arrhizus 1996 −1 −1 −1 R. oryzae 1999 −1 −1 1997 Integrated fermentation and recovery of fumaric acid 4 1990 4 2 4 2 3 2 4 1990 3 2 3 3 1999 2006 2006 1996 1999 1996 R. oryzae −1 −1 −1 1 − 2 2 1999 - 1999 3 −1 −1 2000 Economics of fumaric acid production 1990 2 3 −1 −1 −1 3 1986 http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/xls/PET_PRI_WCO_K_W.xls 1 2 2 Table 2 Comparison between petrochemical and fermentation route for fumaric acid production Parameter Petrochemical route Fermentation route Raw material Maleic anhydride Glucose Reaction temperature (°C) 90–100 35 Raw material price ($/kg) 2007 a w w 1990 1996 a http://www.ers.usda.gov/briefing/sugar/data.htm 2 Conclusions and future prospects R. oryzae