"Increased longevity is one alternative to lives saved as a measure of benefits derived from large-scale risk-reduction programs that demand resources of the total population. This measure, for several categories of risk, is presented in the context of the risks prevalent to society. Some estimates of the theoretical benefits due to the successful reduction of risks imposed by industry are provided. Cost-effectiveness values and these measures of program impact on longevity are graphically presented for several mortality-reducing programs."